Pancreatitis as a Potential Trigger for Severe Accelerated Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Early Post Heart Transplant: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: We present a case of severe accelerated cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), an infrequent finding usually related to dismal prognosis, in a heart recipient with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 38-year-old male was transplanted owing to advanced heart failure related to nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. On the fifth day after transplantation, a nonbiliary acute ischemic pancreatitis occurred. Recurrent relapses ensued within the following year requiring hospital readmissions for both supportive and pain management. The patient developed graft dysfunction by the 18th month post-transplant with severe multivessel CAV. A trial of bortezomib and percutaneous coronary interventions with drug-eluting stents at coronary arteries were attempted but the patient died suddenly, before the scheduled staged percutaneous coronary intervention for the coronary total occlusion was performed. DISCUSSION: The causal mechanisms of aggressive accelerated CAV are unclear, but it is suggested that important inflammatory and/or humoral responses may play a pivotal role in this life-threatening disease pathogenesis. Increased levels of biomarkers have been linked to advanced CAV, as well as pancreatitis pathogenesis, related to cytokine activation with remarkable systemic inflammatory response. Some of those inflammatory mediators have been reported as central in both pancreatitis and CAV, more specifically interleukin-6. CONCLUSION: A pro-inflammatory state due to recurrent acute pancreatitis early after transplantation may have contributed to severely accelerated CAV development in the presented case. Comprehensive evaluation of risk factors may assist in close surveillance and targeted therapies in the management of this challenging post-heart transplant scenario.

Accidental Stent Withdrawal Through an Entrapped Rotational Atherectomy Burr.

Coronary intravascular ultrasound assessment demonstrated severe stent underexpansion and circumferential superficial calcification. Following a failed attempt to predilate the in-stent restenosis, rotational atherectomy was performed.

Safety and feasibility of upper limb vascular access for cardiac catheterization in anticoagulated and non-anticoagulated patients.

BACKGROUND: The upper limb approach utilizing transradial access for combined left and right heart catheterization (CLRHC) and ultrasound-guided antecubital venous access for isolated right heart catheterization (IRHC) are strategies that may reduce risks, especially in anticoagulated patients. combined left and right heart catheterization. OBJECTIVES: To assess safety and feasibility of upper limb approach for IRHC or CLRHC in anticoagulated versus non-anticoagulated patients. METHODS: Ninety-three patients who underwent IRHC or CLRHC with ultrasound-guided antecubital venous access and transradial arterial access were prospectively enrolled. The primary outcome was a composite of procedure failure and incidence of immediate vascular complications. RESULTS: Of the 93 patients, 44 (47%) were on anticoagulation and 49 (53%) were not. Mean age was 54 ± 17 and 53 ± 15 years, respectively. Atrial fibrillation (39% vs 15%) and chronic kidney disease (21% vs 6%) were more common in anticoagulated patients. The main indication for anticoagulation was deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary thromboembolism in 22 patients (50%). The primary outcome occurred in 4 (8%) patients in the non-anticoagulated group as compared with 0 in the anticoagulated group (p = 0.12). Procedure failure occurred in two patients (4%) and immediate vascular complications in two patients (4%) in the non-anticoagulated group (p = 0.3 for all). There was no difference between groups regarding duration of the procedure, radiation dose, fluoroscopy time, post-procedure recovery room time and median time to venous or arterial hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS: The upper limb approach for heart catheterization had similar rates of procedure failure and immediate vascular complications in anticoagulated patients when compared to non-anticoagulated patients.

Ultrasound-guided antecubital vein approach for right heart catheterisation in a Brazilian tertiary centre.

Objective: As a parallel to the radial approach for left heart catheterisation, forearm veins may be considered for the performance of right heart catheterisation. However, data regarding the application of this technique under ultrasound guidance are scarce. The current study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of right heart catheterisation through ultrasound-guided antecubital venous approach in the highly heterogeneous population usually referred for right heart catheterisation. Methods: Data from consecutive right heart catheterisations performed at an academic centre in Brazil, between January 2016 and March 2017 were prospectively collected. Results: Among 152 performed right heart catheterisations, ultrasound-guided antecubital venous approach was attempted in 127 (84%) cases and it was made feasible in 92.1% of those. Yet, there was no immediate vascular complication with the antecubital venous approach in this prospective series. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided antecubital venous approach for the performance of right heart catheterisation was feasible in the vast majority of cases in our study, without occurrence of vascular complications.

Two HEmostasis Methods After TransradIal Catheterization: THEMATIC Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 2 hemostasis devices on the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) after transradial cardiac catheterization. BACKGROUND: Radial artery occlusion is the most prevalent ischemic complication after radial artery catheterization. There is still no predictive pattern of vessel patency assessment, and the comparative effectiveness of different hemostasis techniques has yet to be established. METHODS: This study used a randomized clinical trial of adult patients undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization. Participants were randomized into an intervention group (hemostasis with the TR Band device) and a control group (hemostasis with a conventional pressure dressing). The primary end point was the incidence of RAO (at discharge and at 30 days post catheterization). RESULTS: Among the 600 patients included (301 in the intervention group and 299 controls), immediate RAO occurred in 24 (8%) in the TR Band group and 19 (6%) in the pressure-dressing group; at 30 days, RAO was present in 5 patients (5%) in the TR Band group and 7 (6%) in the pressure-dressing group. On multivariate analysis, peripheral vascular disease was the only independent predictor of RAO at discharge and at 30 days. ConclusionsThe incidence of RAO was similar in patients who received hemostasis with a TR Band versus a pressure dressing after transradial cardiac catheterization.

An overview of care change in the last 6 year in primary PCI in ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a Tertiary University Brazilian Hospital / Panorama da mudança do cuidado nos últimos 6 anos na ICP primária em infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em hospital universitário de nível terciário

Background: Although new studies and guidelines can be considered useful tools, it does not necessarily mean they are put into clinical practice. Objective: The aim of the current analysis was to assess the changes in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and mortality in a tertiary university hospital in southern Brazil during a six-year period .Methods: We have included consecutive patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary PCI between March 2011 and February 2017. Previous clinical history, characteristics of the procedure, and reperfusion strategies were collected. In-hospital, short and long-term mortalities were also evaluated. The significance level adopted for all tests was 5%. Results: There was an increase in the use of radial access in patients from 20.0% in 2011 to 62.7% in 2016 (ptrend < 0.0001). Moreover, thrombus aspiration decreased significantly from 66.7% in 2011 to less than 3.0% in 2016 (ptrend < 0.0001). In-hospital, short and long-term mortalities remained reasonably stable from 2011 to 2016 (ptrend > 0.05). However, a lower in-hospital mortality was observed in patients treated through radial access (p < 0.001). Cardiogenic shock occurred in 11.1%, without statistical differences in the period (ptrend = 0.39), while long-term mortality rate decreased from 80.0% in 2011 to 27.3% in 2016 in this patient group (ptrend = 0.29). Conclusions: During a 6-year follow-up period, primary PCI characteristics underwent important modifications. Radial access became widely used, with a decrease in mortality with the use of this route, while aspiration thrombectomy became a rare procedure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock remained stable, but has shown a reduction in its mortality

Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure at Rest and During Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) response to exercise may unmask latent heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. There remains a lack of consensus over threshold values for PAWP during exercise. A systematic review of studies examining PAWP by means of right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise in healthy individuals was performed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Relevant data derived from healthy volunteers were stratified by age (older than 40 years vs 40 years or younger) and sex. Three exercise intensities were predefined: light, moderate, and strenuous. Weighted means and weighted 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the aggregate data were calculated. A total of 424 individuals from 32 unique studies were included, of which 19% (n = 82) were female. PAWP reached weighted mean and 95% CI values of 19 (17-21) and 17 (16-18) mm Hg at light and moderate exercise, respectively. The PAWP response to exercise was similar between men and women >40 years of age. However, exercise intensities were lower in women. CONCLUSIONS: PAWP increases during exercise, reaching up to 20 mm Hg in adults >40 years of age. Older women achieve PAWP values similar to those of older men, but at lower intensities. Findings support a threshold of at least 25 mm Hg as an absolute cutoff value for "normal" PAWP response to exercise in individuals >40 years old.

Two HEmostasis Methods After TransradIal Catheterization: THEMATIC - protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Randomized clinical trial protocol to evaluate the incidence of radial artery occlusion with two different arterial compression devices after transradial procedures. METHODS: Barbeau's test will be performed in adults scheduled to undergo transradial interventional procedures. Those with A, B, or C plethysmographic patterns will be selected. At the end of the procedure, patients will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive patent haemostasis with TR Band™ device or conventional haemostasis with an elastic adhesive bandage. The primary outcome is the incidence of radial artery occlusion. Secondary outcomes are Barbeau's test curve change, additional time to achieve haemostasis, incidence of bleeding at the puncture site, pain severity, development of arteriovenous fistula, radial pseudo aneurysm, any access-site complication requiring vascular surgery intervention and costs between the two devices. DISCUSSION: The results of this trial should provide valuable additional information on the best approach for haemostasis after transradial percutaneous cardiovascular interventions.

Multiple Culprit Coronary Artery Thrombosis in a Patient with Coronary Ectasia.

We here report a case of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to simultaneous acute coronary artery occlusions of two major coronary arteries in a patient with coronary ectasia. The patient had been previously submitted to percutaneous coronary angioplasty with bare metal stent implantation in both culprit vessels. Very late stent thrombosis could be the cause of the first occlusion, triggering the event in the other vessel. In addition, concomitant embolic sources were not identified. Although routine aspiration thrombectomy in STEMI was not proven to be beneficial in randomized clinical trials, it was of great value in this case. We also discuss the relation between coronary ectasia, chronic inflammatory status, and increased platelet activity which may have caused plaque disruption in another already vulnerable vessel.

Comparison of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume in the prediction of adverse events after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) are indirect inflammatory markers. There is some evidence that both are associated with worse outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of the present study was to compare the capacity of NLR and MPV to predict adverse events after primary PCI. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 625 consecutive patients with STEMI, who underwent primary PCI, were followed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) for the occurrence of procedural complications, mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS: Mean age was 60.7 (±12.1) years, 67.5% were male. The median of NLR was 6.17 (3.8-9.4) and MPV was 10.7 (10.0-11.3). In multivariate analysis, both NLR and MPV remained independent predictors of no-reflow (relative risk [RR] = 2.26; 95%confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.16-4.32; p = 0.01 and RR = 2.68; 95%CI = 1.40-5.10; p < 0.01, respectively), but only NLR remained an independent predictor of in-hospital MACE (RR = 1.01; 95%CI = 1.00-1.06; p = 0.02). The AUC for in-hospital MACE was 0.57 for NLR (95%CI = 0.53-0.60; p = 0.03) and 0.56 for MPV (95%CI = 0.52-0.60; p = 0.07). However, when AUC were compared with DeLong test, there was no statistically significant difference for these outcomes (p > 0.05). NLR had an excellent negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.7 for no-reflow and 89.0 for in-hospital MACE. CONCLUSIONS: Despite no difference in the ROC curve comparison with MPV, only NLR remained an independent predictor for in-hospital MACE. A low NLR has an excellent NPV for no-reflow and in-hospital MACE, and this could be of clinical relevance in the management of low-risk patients.

Comparação de escores anatômicos e clínicos na predição de desfechos em intervenções coronárias percutâneas primárias / Comparison of anatomical and clinical scores in predicting outcomes in primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Fundamento: Diferentes escores baseados em variáveis anatômicas e/ou clínicas têm sido desenvolvidos para estratificação de risco em pacientes submetidos à intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP). Estudos comparando a capacidade desses modelos na predição de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (ECCAM) em pacientes submetidos à ICP primária são escassos. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi o de comparar os escores SYNTAX (SS), Clinical SYNTAX (CSS), ACEF e ACEF modificado (ACEF Mod ) na predição de ECCAM em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdico com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos à ICP primária. Métodos: Foram analisados 311 pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST submetidos a ICP primária entre abril/2011 e dezembro/2015. As áreas sob a curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC) foram calculadas para avaliar a habilidade desses escores em predizer ECCAM. O nível de significância adotado em todos os testes foi de 5%. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram idade média de 60,2 ± 12,0 anos, 35,4% eram do sexo feminino e 22,5% eram diabéticos. A ocorrência de ECCAM foi observada em 23,8% dos participantes. A área sob a curva ROC foi 0,586 (p = 0,028) para ACEF, 0,616 (p = 0,003) para SS, 0,623 (p = 0,002) para ACEF Mod e 0,658 (p < 0,001) para CSS. Na análise multivariada, apenas SS (p = 0,011) e CSS (p = 0,002) foram preditores independentes de ECCAM. Conclusões: SS e CSS elevados foram preditores independentes de ECCAM. Em nossa coorte de pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos à ICP primária, o SS calculado à cineangiocoronariografia inicial mostrou-se uma ferramenta útil para predizer ECCAM

Background: Different scores based on anatomical and/or clinical features have been developed for risk stratification of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Studies comparing the ability of these different models in predicting major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients submitted to primary PCI are limited. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the ability of the scores SYNTAX (SS), Clinical SYNTAX (CSS), age, creatinine and ACEF, and modified ACEF (ACEF Mod ) to predict MACCE in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) submitted to primary PCI. Methods: We analyzed 311 consecutive patients with STEMI submitted to primary PCI between April/2011 and December/2015. The area under the ROC curve was calculated to evaluate the ability of these scores in predicting MACCE. P-values were considered significant at < 0.05. Results: Mean age of the patients was 60.2 ± 12.0 years, 35.4% were females, and 22.5% had diabetes. MACCE occurred in 23.8% of the patients. The area under the ROC curve was 0.586 (p = 0.028) for ACEF, 0.616 (p = 0.003) for SS, 0.623 (p = 0.002) for ACEF Mod , and 0.658 (p < 0.001) for CSS. In multivariate analysis, only high SS (p = 0.011) and CSS (p = 0.002) were independent predictors of MACCE. Conclusions: High SS and CSS were independent predictors of MACCE. In our cohort of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI, pure anatomical SS calculated at the baseline coronary angiography was a useful tool to predict MACCE

Two HEmostasis Methods After TransradIal Catheterization: THEMATIC - protocol for a randomized clinical trial / Dos métodos de hemostasia luego de un cateterismo transradial: THEMATIC - protocolo de ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Dois métodos de hemostasia após cateterismo transradial: THEMATIC - protocolo de ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract OBJECTIVE Randomized clinical trial protocol to evaluate the incidence of radial artery occlusion with two different arterial compression devices after transradial procedures. METHODS Barbeau's test will be performed in adults scheduled to undergo transradial interventional procedures. Those with A, B, or C plethysmographic patterns will be selected. At the end of the procedure, patients will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive patent haemostasis with TR Band™ device or conventional haemostasis with an elastic adhesive bandage. The primary outcome is the incidence of radial artery occlusion. Secondary outcomes are Barbeau's test curve change, additional time to achieve haemostasis, incidence of bleeding at the puncture site, pain severity, development of arteriovenous fistula, radial pseudo aneurysm, any access-site complication requiring vascular surgery intervention and costs between the two devices. DISCUSSION The results of this trial should provide valuable additional information on the best approach for haemostasis after transradial percutaneous cardiovascular interventions.

Resumen OBJETIVO Protocolo de ensayo clínico randomizado para evaluar la incidencia de oclusión de la arteria radial con dos dispositivos de compresión arterial después de pasar por procedimientos transradiales. MÉTODO Se realizará el test de Barbeau en adultos que están esperando una intervención transradial. Se seleccionarán aquellos con padrones pletismográficos A, B o C. Al final del procedimiento, se dividirán a los pacientes de forma aleatoria (1:1) para recibir la hemostasia patente con dispositivo TR Band™ o hemostasia convencional con vendaje elástico adhesivo. El resultado primario es la incidencia de oclusión de la arteria radial. Los resultados secundarios son la alteración de la curva del test de Barbeau, tiempo adicional para alcanzar la hemostasia, incidencia de sangrado en el local de la punción, intensidad del dolor, desarrollo de una fístula arteriovenosa, pseudoaneurisma, cualquier complicación en el lugar de acceso que necesite intervención quirúrgica vascular y costos entre ambos dispositivos. DISCUSIÓN Los resultados de este estudio deben proporcionar informaciones adicionales valiosas sobre un mejor enfoque para la hemostasia luego de intervenciones cardiovasculares percutáneas transradiales.

Resumo OBJETIVO Protocolo de ensaio clínico randomizado para avaliar a incidência de oclusão da artéria radial com dois dispositivos diferentes de compressão arterial após procedimentos transradiais. MÉTODOS O teste de Barbeau será realizado em adultos que serão submetidos a procedimentos de intervenção transradial previamente agendados. Aqueles com padrões pletismográficos A, B ou C serão selecionados. No final do procedimento, os pacientes serão distribuídos aleatoriamente (1:1) para receber hemostasia patente com dispositivo TR Band™ ou hemostasia convencional com bandagem elástica adesiva. O desfecho primário é a incidência da oclusão da artéria radial. Os desfechos secundários são alteração da curva do teste de Barbeau, tempo adicional para atingir a hemostasia, incidência de sangramento no local da punção, intensidade da dor, desenvolvimento de fístula arteriovenosa, pseudoaneurisma, qualquer complicação no local de acesso que necessite intervenção cirúrgica vascular e custos entre os dois dispositivos. DISCUSSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo devem fornecer informações adicionais valiosas sobre a melhor abordagem para a hemostasia após intervenções cardiovasculares percutâneas transradiais.

On- vs. off-hours admission of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: data from a tertiary university Brazilian hospital

Introduction: Early reperfusion therapy is crucial in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Off-hours hospital presentation may increase the time from pain to coronary reperfusion, and it may be responsible for increased cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different times of presentation (on- and off-hours) on early mortality and major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We have included consecutive patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI between April 2011 and November 2016 in a tertiary university hospital in southern Brazil. Patients were divided into on- and off-hours admission. In-hospital and 30-day outcomes were evaluated. Results: A total of 301 patients (57.4%) were admitted during off-hours, and 223 (42.5%) during on-hours. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. Median door-to-balloon time was higher in the off-hours group than in the on-hours group: 75 min (IQR 60-95) vs. 60 min (IQR 50-73.7) respectively (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was similar between groups (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.31-1.03; p = 0.06) and at 30-day follow-up (OR = 0.2; 95%CI 0.02-1.72 p = 0.14). In the matched cohort, no difference was found in the rates of in-hospital mortality (OR = 2.0; 95%CI 0.75-5.32; p = 0.16) and 30-day MACE (OR= 0.9; 95%CI 0.49-1.66; p = 0.75). Conclusions: In our center with PCI available 24/7 - without in-house staff - we did not observe any difference in patient characteristics, management, and outcomes, although a significant longer door-to-balloon time was found in patients treated during night shifts. Our results are consistent with those of other trials.

Cardiac Surgery in Jehovah's Witness Patients: Experience of a Brazilian Tertiary Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The outcomes of Jehovah's Witness (JW) patients submitted to open heart surgery may vary across countries and communities. The aim of this study was to describe the morbidity and mortality of JW patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a tertiary hospital center in Southern Brazil. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted including all JW patients submitted to cardiac surgery from 2008 to 2016. Three consecutive surgical non-JW controls were matched to each selected JW patient. The preoperative risk of death was estimated through the mean EuroSCORE II. RESULTS: We studied 16 JW patients with a mean age of 60.6±12.1 years. The non-JW group included 48 patients with a mean age of 63.3±11.1 years (P=0.416). Isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery was the most frequent surgery performed in both groups. Median EuroSCORE II was 1.29 (IQR: 0.66-3.08) and 1.43 (IQR: 0.72-2.63), respectively (P=0.988). The mortality tended to be higher in JW patients (18.8% vs. 4.2%, P=0.095), and there was a higher difference between the predicted and observed mortality in JW patients compared with controls (4.1 and 18.8% vs. 2.1 and 4.2%). More JW patients needed hemodialysis in the postoperative period (20.0 vs. 2.1%, P=0.039). CONCLUSION: We showed a high rate of in-hospital mortality in JW patients submitted to cardiac surgery. The EuroSCORE II may underestimate the surgical risk in these patients.

Cardiac surgery in Jehovah's witness patients: experience of a Brazilian Tertiary Hospital

Abstract Introduction: The outcomes of Jehovah's Witness (JW) patients submitted to open heart surgery may vary across countries and communities. The aim of this study was to describe the morbidity and mortality of JW patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a tertiary hospital center in Southern Brazil. Methods: A case-control study was conducted including all JW patients submitted to cardiac surgery from 2008 to 2016. Three consecutive surgical non-JW controls were matched to each selected JW patient. The preoperative risk of death was estimated through the mean EuroSCORE II. Results: We studied 16 JW patients with a mean age of 60.6±12.1 years. The non-JW group included 48 patients with a mean age of 63.3±11.1 years (P=0.416). Isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery was the most frequent surgery performed in both groups. Median EuroSCORE II was 1.29 (IQR: 0.66-3.08) and 1.43 (IQR: 0.72-2.63), respectively (P=0.988). The mortality tended to be higher in JW patients (18.8% vs. 4.2%, P=0.095), and there was a higher difference between the predicted and observed mortality in JW patients compared with controls (4.1 and 18.8% vs. 2.1 and 4.2%). More JW patients needed hemodialysis in the postoperative period (20.0 vs. 2.1%, P=0.039). Conclusion: We showed a high rate of in-hospital mortality in JW patients submitted to cardiac surgery. The EuroSCORE II may underestimate the surgical risk in these patients.

Síndrome coronariana aguda como apresentação atípica do fenômeno de roubo subclávio / Acute coronary syndrome as an atypical presentation of the phenomenon of subclavian steal

Roubo coronariano da subclávia (RCS) é um fenômeno raro que ocorre em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com enxerto de artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE) e que causa estenose da artéria subclávia ipsilateral e proximal à origem da ATIE. Relatamos o caso de um paciente masculino de 65 anos que apresentou quadro atípico de síndrome do RCS, manifestando-se como síndrome coronariana aguda no pós-operatório de cirurgia vascular (AU)

Coronary subclavian steal (CSS) is a rare phenomenon that occurs in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery using the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) causing stenosis of the ipsilateral subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the LITA. We report the case of a 65-year-old male patient who presented with atypical CSS syndrome, manifesting as acute coronary syndrome after vascular surgery (AU)

Cateterismo cardíaco direito por acesso venoso antecubital guiado por ultrassonografia / Right heart catheterization through ultrasound-guided antecubital vein approach

Introdução: As complicações no cateterismo cardíaco direito estão quase sempre relacionadas ao local de acesso. As veias do antebraço podem ser um alvo para reduzir tais complicações durante o procedimento. No entanto, dados relativos à ampla aplicação desta técnica são escassos. Métodos: Série de casos que relata nossas primeiras experiências com o cateterismo cardíaco direito por acesso venoso antecubital. Resultados: Tentamos realizar o cateterismo cardíaco direito em 20 pacientes com abordagem antecubital em janeiro de 2016. A abordagem antecubital foi bem-sucedida em 19 casos (95,0%). Todos os acessos venosos foram obtidos guiados por ultrassonografia. Os cateterismos cardíacos direito e esquerdo foram realizados simultaneamente em 12 casos (60,0%). O cateterismo cardíaco esquerdo foi realizado através da artéria radial direita em 11 casos (91,7%), e da artéria braquial direita em 1 caso (8,3%). O acesso antecubital foi obtido pela veia basílica em 18 (94,7%) casos, e pela veia cefálica em 1 (5,3%) caso. Conclusões: O cateterismo cardíaco direito através das veias da prega antecubital parece ser viável e seguro. Outros estudos controlados são necessários para estabelecer o melhor local de acesso para realizar o cateterismo cardíaco direito

Background: Complications in right heart catheterization are almost all access-site related. Forearm veins may be a target to reduce access-site complications during the procedure. However, data regarding wide application of this technique is scarce. Methods: This is a case-series that reports our first experiences in right heart catheterization through the antecubital approach. Results: We attempted to perform right heart catheterization in 20 patients using antecubital approach on January 2016. The antecubital approach was successful in 19 (95.0%) cases. All venous access were obtained with ultrasound guidance. Simultaneous right and left heart catheterization was performed in 12 cases (60.0%). Left heart catheterization was performed through right radial artery in 11 cases (91.7%) and through the right brachial artery in 1 case (8.3%). Antecubital access was obtained through the basilic vein in 18 (94.7%) cases and through the cephalic vein in 1 (5.3%) case. Conclusions: Right heart catheterization through the antecubital fossa veins appears to be feasible and safe. Further controlled studies are required to establish the best access site to perform right heart catheterization

Desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes tratados com intervenção percutânea coronária primária em hospital geral terciário / Cardiovascular outcomes in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a general tertiary hospital

Introdução: Existem poucos dados nacionais a respeito dos resultados da intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) primária, e os registros são uma ótima ferramenta para a avaliação do perfil dos pacientes e dos desfechos pós-procedimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil dos pacientes com ICP primária em um hospital geral terciário, bem como avaliar os desfechos cardiovasculares hospitalares e em 30 dias. Métodos: Foram incluídos todos os pacientes submetidos à ICP primária entre 2012 a 2015. Trata-se de um registro prospectivo, no qual os desfechos clínicos analisados foram a ocorrência de morte, infarto ou acidente vascular cerebral, e eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares maiores (ECCAM). Resultados: Foram incluídos 323 pacientes, com idade 60 ± 12 anos, sendo 66,7% do sexo masculino, 28,5% diabéticos. Na admissão, 13,5% dos pacientes apresentavam-se em Killip III/IV. O tempo dor-porta foi de 4,4 ± 2,5 horas e o tempo porta-balão foi 68,0 ± 34,0 minutos. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 9,9%, e 18,3% dos pacientes apresentaram ECCAM em 30 dias. Conclusões: Os pacientes submetidos à ICP primária apresentaram taxas elevadas de ECCAM, que podem ser atribuídas à apresentação clínica mais grave e a um longo tempo de isquemia. Um atendimento mais rápido destes pacientes, variável modificável, demanda uma atenção imediata do sistema de saúde

Background: There are few national data on the results of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and registries are a great tool for assessing patient profiles and post-procedure outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of patients with primary PCI in a general tertiary hospital, as well as to evaluate in-hospital and 30-day cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: The study included all patients submitted to primary PCI between 2012 and 2015. This was a prospective registry, in which the analyzed clinical outcomes were the occurrence of death, infarction, or stroke, and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Results: The study included 323 patients, aged 60 ± 12 years, of whom 66.7% were males, 28.5% diabetics. At admission, 13.5% of the patients were classified as Killip class III/IV. The pain-to-door time was 4.4 ± 2.5 hours and the door-to-balloon time was 68.0 ± 34.0 minutes. Hospital mortality was 9.9%, and 18.3% of the patients presented MACCE in 30 days. Conclusions: Patients submitted to primary PCI had high rates of MACCE, which can be attributed to the more severe clinical presentation and to a long time of ischemia. The faster treatment of these patients, a modifiable variable, demands immediate attention from the health system

Sangramento gastrintestinal por angiodisplasia e estenose aórtica: síndrome de Heyde / Gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia in a patient with severe aortic stenosis: Heyde's syndrome

Existe uma associação frequente entre estenose valvar aórtica e sangramento gastrintestinal, também conhecida como síndrome de Heyde. A base fisiopatológica dessa síndrome parece ser uma deficiência adquirida do fator de von Willebrand, que leva ao sangramento de malformações arteriovenosas angiodisplásicas. As alternativas de tratamento incluem a localização de pontos de sangramento e a cauterização, mas tal opção terapêutica está associada a alta recorrência. A substituição da válvula parece oferecer a melhor esperança de resolução a longo prazo do sangramento e deve ser considerada na maioria das vezes. Relatamos aqui o caso de uma paciente de 79 anos com estenose aórtica e sangramento gastrintestinal devido à angiodisplasia duodenal, tratada por implante transcateter de válvula aórtica.

There is a frequent association between aortic valve stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding, also known as Heyde's syndrome. The pathophysiologic basis for this syndrome seems to be an acquired von Willebrand factor deficiency, leading to bleeding of angiodysplastic arteriovenous malformations. Treatment options include the location and cauterization of bleeding points, which is associated to high recurrence rates. Valve replacement appears to offer the best hope of long-term resolution of bleeding, and should be considered in most cases. We report a 79 year-old patient with aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding due to duodenal angiodysplasia treated by transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Results of aortic valve surgery in patients over 75 years old, at 4.5 years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The increased longevity elevated the frequency of elderly requiring surgery, among them the correction of aortic stenosis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate medium-term mortality, need for reoperation for valve replacement and valve complications [systemic thromboembolism (STE) and prosthetic endocarditis (PE)] in patients over 75 years old who had undergone surgery for aortic stenosis. METHODS: Retrospective study of 230 patients from 2002 to 2007. Mean age was 83.4 years and 53% were male. The prevalence of hypertension was 73.2%, atrial fibrillation 17.9% and previous cardiac surgery 14.4%. Another cardiac procedure was associated in 39.1%. RESULTS: In a mean follow-up of 4.51 years the overall survival of the population studied was 57.4%. Death in the immediate postoperative period occurred in 13.9% (9.4% in the isolated aortic stenosis surgery group vs. 20.9% when another procedure was associated). Deaths in the medium term occurred in 28.7% of the patients (25.0% vs. 34.4%), with 34 of these because of cardiovascular causes. There were 6 cases of PE, 8 cases of STE and 6 reoperations. The predictors of mortality were ischemia time >90 min (OR 1.99 95% CI 1.06-3.74), ejection fraction <60% (OR 1.76 95% CI 1.10-2.81) and prior stroke (OR 2.43 95% CI 1.18-5.30). CONCLUSION: Although the immediate surgical risk of the elderly is high, survival rates for surgical treatment of patients over 75 years old are acceptable and allow this intervention. The prognosis is worse especially because of the association with coronary artery disease.